Ocd Essay - 827 Words

Psychology Homework Compare and contrast 2 or more explanations of any 1 anxiety disorder (30 marks) The anxiety disorder I shall explain is known as Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). As the name suggests, obsessive compulsive disorder is characterised by obsessions and compulsions. There are two explanations for this disorder; psychological and biological. The biological explanation of OCD focuses on genetics .i.e. role of certain chemical imbalances and family increasing likelihood of developing OCD. Family studies have shown that people with a first-degree relative with OCD have a five times greater risk than the normal population of developing the disorder. In a meta-analysis of twin studies, Billett et al found that compared to†¦show more content†¦In contrast to the psychodynamic model which revolves around looking in the past in order to establish a cause and therefore find an efficient treatment. The findings from Albucher support the behavioural model and support the view that people with OCD â€Å"learned† their compulsive rituals. However not all patien ts are helped by this therapy suggesting behavioural explanations alone cannot be accounted for all cases of OCD. The behavioural model can also be contrasted with the cognitive explanation/treatment of OCD. As cognitive therapies focus on changing obessional thoughts whereas behavioural therapies focus on changing compulsive behaviour. In conclusion the biological and psychological are different both in treatment and explanations of OCD. The biological explanations revolve more around brain abnormalities, levels of certain chemical imbalances and genetics. The treatment ultimately revolves around trying to correct certain chemical imbalances in a chance that it may restore brain functioning. The psychological approach on the other hand allows for more change and freedom in treatment. Things that are reinforced, patterns of thinking etc can all be changed. Not only that the treatment has shown to be as effective as the drug treatment for OCD (e.g. Hembree et al 2003). In conclusion I believe that OCD cannot be fully explained by one model but by a combination of explanations bothShow MoreRelatedOcd Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pagesmay be suffering from OCD; however, the more important question is what has led that patient to these symptoms? OCD may be caused due to biological factors. People with first-degree family members that have been diagnosed with OCD are more likely to experience OCD than other people with no OCD on their family members’ medical records. Some studies suggest that OCD is heritable as genes have potential to contribute â€Å"27%-47% of the patient’s likelihood to be diagnosed with OCD (Abramowitz and TaylorRead MoreEssay On Ocd1199 Words   |  5 PagesAll grown-ups and youngsters with OCD report that their fixations cause them huge pain and tension and that they are more regular rather than comparative, nosy contemplations in people without OCD[31]. As far as QoL, people with OCD report an unavoidable lessening contrasted with controls[28]. Youth indicate tricky companion relations, scholastic troubles, rest issues, and take an interest in less recreational exercises than coordinated peers[32,33]. By and large, there is a lower QoL in pediatricRead MoreEssay On OCD1289 Words   |  6 PagesSet Free From OCD This is to show It was made to be, put in place, established earlier that any all OCD is not bad anymore in any all ways. This is to show It was made to be, put in place, established earlier that any all OCD is not bad anymore in any way shape or form. This is to show It was made to be, put in place, established earlier that any all OCD doesn’t have control over me anymore in any all ways. This is to show It was made to be, put in place, established earlier thatRead MoreThe Identification and Treatment of OCD Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many different aspects to the identification and treatment of OCD and this paper attempts to identify classic symptoms and theorized risk factors/causes. In addition it explores the viable treatment options and evaluates the efficiency of each in alleviating symptoms while discussing how each treatment functions to facilitate recovery. Furthermore, it assesses the extent to which the treatments may be used together to maximize effectiveness and then provides a probable prognosis. VerifyingRead MoreTreatment Plan for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will cover what obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is and how leisure education can be used to help these individuals who have been diagnosed with OCD. This essay will discuss the various characteristics that can be noticed with an individual who has been diagnosed with OCD and also introduce different leisure activities that can be used to help these individuals. The overall goal for this essay is to provide strong evidence showing that leisure education can be useful in helping individualsRead MoreCollege Writing And High School Writing941 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the semester, I have definitely improved my diction and how I organize my essays and my introductions, but I feel as though my time management skills could use some enhancement. English was always my strongest subject, especially when it came to vocabulary tests. I had a talent for memorizing words and definitions and it always came easy to me. So when I would review my work on these previous essays, I noticed how strong my writing sounded, all because I had included enhanced vocabularyRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesdisorders are brought on due to both psychological and biological problems. Many of these are anxiety or behavioral disorders. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is one of these disorders that is an issue in both anxiety and behavioral issues. Its causes may be psychological, biological, or, in most cases, both. Many studies have been conducted on OCD and show that it is a complex disorder with many different symptoms. There have been treatments and medications to help reduce the symptoms and help peopleRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay800 Words   |  4 Pages Obsessive Compul sive Disorder And Its Effect On Life Obsessive-compulsive disorder, or OCD, involves anxious thoughts or rituals one feels and cant control. . For many years, OCD was thought to be rare. The actual number of people with OCD was hidden, because people would hide their problem to avoid embarrassment. Some recent studies show that as many as 3 million Americans ages 18 to 54 may have OCD at any one time. This is about 2.3% of the people in this age group. It strikes men and women inRead MoreEssay on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)875 Words   |  4 Pagesfind the missing puzzle pieces and solve the mystery of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Works Cited Abramowitz, Ph.D., Jon. OCD 101 (Demystifying This Complex Problem) | Psychology Today. Psychology Today: Health, Help, Happiness Find a Therapist. All Things OCD, 1 Nov. 2010. Web. 03 June 2011. http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/all-things-ocd/201011/ocd-101-demystifying-complex-problem. Familydoctor.org Editorial Staff. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: What It Is and How to Treat ItRead MoreMy Favorite Class1331 Words   |  6 Pageswith these new challenges of life. Registering for an English 1101 class, I would never have thought my writing was remotely exceptional. On the first day of class, we had to write these diagnostic essay (I wrote about picking my major) to see where we were at in our writings. The day I received the essay back was the moment where I truly considered the being a writer. Besides my grammar and spelling errors my teacher, Mrs. Emma Perry, wrote â€Å"very powerful and emotionally descriptive writing - are

Disney Cost of Capital - 1059 Words

FINAN 6121 – Corporate Finance Cost of Capital – The Walt Disney Company Team Titans B (Doug Horne, Shaun Hoggan, James Thackeray, Jeff Burg) The purpose of this project is to determine the weighted-average cost of capital (WACC) for The Walt Disney Company. According to The Walt Disney Company’s Form 10-K filing for the fiscal year ended September 29, 2012, â€Å"The Walt Disney Company, together with its subsidiaries, is a diversified worldwide entertainment company with operations in five business segments: Media Networks, Parks and Resorts, Studio Entertainment, Consumer Products and Interactive.† Specifically the comparison between debt and equity will be summarized using the WACC for The Walt Disney Company as a whole rather than an†¦show more content†¦Also it is reasonable to conclude that with higher debt the company will experience a higher interest expense, resulting in a lower effective tax rate. Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) – Finally, with the above values, Disney’s WACC can be determined by the following formula: WACC = [Equity/(Equity+Debt) X Cost of Equity] + [Debt/(Equity+Debt) X Cost of Debt X (1-Tax Rate)] The results of this calculation establish a WACC of 9.16% from the 10-K and 9.00% from the most recent 10-Q. Challenges – While some of the figures for determining The Disney Corporation’s WACC are taken directly from the company’s reported figures, others were estimated, like the beta, risk-free rate, and the market risk premium (all determinants of the cost of equity). By changing the beta in the calculations from 1.03 to that reported by The Walt Disney Corporation of 1.13, the WACC calculations change to 9.78% and 9.61%, respectively. This is slightly more than a half of a percent increase and is explainable by the assumption that the company’s financial executives may wish to establish a hurdle rate that guarantees a profitable return on capital investments. For this report the 30-year treasury rate was used for the risk-free rate, although, if the 10-year rates were used instead (1.65% and 1.73%) the WACC calculations would decrease byShow MoreRelatedDisney Strategic Planning Initiative1317 Words   |  6 Pagessell the strategic need first, operational development, and financial planning. Our team paper will illustrate a strategic initiative for the Disney organization as well as identify an initiative discussed in Disney’s Annual Report. The focus will look at how the initiative affects Disney’s financial planning and explain how the initiative can affect the costs as well as sales within this organization. Last but not least, our paper will describe the risks associated with the initiative and financialRead MoreIncorporated In 1938, Walt Disney Has Been A Well-Known1181 Words   |  5 PagesIncorporated in 1938, Walt Disney has been a well-known name in the entertainment business. According to Global Financial Data , Disney first started offering stock to the public in 1940 with a cumulative convertible preferred and then in 1946 it offered â€Å"OTC† (over the counter) common. On November 12, 1957, the NYSE added Disney to its list. So how is the financial condition of Walt Disney today? In the next few sections, I will take a closer look at the financial records of the company includingRead MoreRobert Iger Knew That For Disney To Be Successful, The1223 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Iger knew that for Disney to be successful, the company has to get the animation business right, especially the new CG technology that was rapidly supplanting hand-drawn animation. The CEO is reflecting on the next steps to be taken by Disney. The available options include negotiating a new distribution deal with Pixar or other animation studios, acquire Pixar, or to reengineer Disney Animation to better compete with Pixar. Analysis: A SWOT analysis is conducted to illustrate the strengthsRead MoreEstimate And Forecast Changes Of Bond And Stock Prices1008 Words   |  5 Pagessix assignment will generate estimates of the weighted average of capital for Walmart Corporation, Facebook, Inc., The Walt Disney Company, Monsanto and GW Pharmaceuticals. Evaluating these companies will find a relatively wide range of WACC estimates. There will also be a discussion about the importance of processing the calculated weight of the average cost of capital. Process of Calculating the Weighted Average Cost of Capital Company Name and Stock Symbol Description of the business and MainRead MoreDisney Strategic Initiative Paper1214 Words   |  5 PagesDisney Strategic Initiative Paper Tammy Adams, Kecia Darnell, Chelsea Hensley, Elizabeth Munns, and Zameika Williams University of Phoenix FIN 370 Professor Stephen Beadnell October 18, 2010 Strategic Initiative Paper Introduction This paper will address the strategic and financial planning associated with the operations of Disney. In addition, the paper will show the correlation between strategic and financial planning. The impact of the organization’s initiative costs, sales, and associatedRead MoreStrategies For Competing International Markets931 Words   |  4 Pagesoffer the Walt Disney companies an opportunity and the companies in the entertainment industries have a higher competitive threat domestically as well as globally which drives them to come up with an international strategy to enter into the foreign market to expand their business. Disney like any other companies expanded into foreign markets to achieve an increase in profit, competitiveness and capitalize the core competencies to gain access to new customers and a lower production cost (Thompson, PeterafRead MoreEconomic Indicators Of The Disney Company1401 Words   |  6 Pagesbe used to forecast the future market trends (Baumohl, 20 16). For instance, the company like Disney uses these economic indicators to curb and minimizes the difficult economic situation that may arise. There are so many different types of the economic indicators used. In this case, the Disney Company will use the following economic indicators: consumer price index; productivity and cost; employment cost index; producer price index; consumer confidence level; Manufacturing and trade inventories andRead MoreEssay on Walt Disney Company Analysis1652 Words   |  7 PagesWalt Disney is extremely known for being a film producer and popular showman. He was very recognizing for being an innovator in animation and theme park design. Disney was a visionary in terms of cartoons. Disney views and visions came from his persistence for the future. Walt Disney strives upon building Disney’s to have core strengths in three areas of entertainment and recreation, motion pictures and videos. Walt created his first animated character, Mickey Mous e. Mickey made his first debutRead MoreAnalysis Of Disney / Abc Television Group1214 Words   |  5 PagesThe paper’s content identifies and discusses Disney/ABC Television Group s consideration to outsourcing the network s distribution center to an external cloud infrastructure. The information explored when considering the move includes the effects on critical network operations, critical backup processes, ability to manage the system from multiple locations, and content and advertising management. Information supporting the decision includes the high-level business case, cultural effects, representedRead MoreStrengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, And Trends821 Words   |  4 Pageslot of the Walt Disney Company’s revenue and are the foundation as to why the company is so successful. It is said without these characters, Disney couldn’t survive on it’s own. Values Disney possesses a high moral value and ethnic code. Their movies are made for kids and young adults and they haven’t ever stepped out of that boundary. Most of Disney’s â€Å"G† or â€Å"PG† rated content teaches valuable lessons to kids which can also be learned by that of adults. Flourishing business Disney has several venues

Entrepreneurship Jamey Bennett of LightWedge

Question: Discuss about theEntrepreneurshipfor Jamey Bennett of LightWedge. Answer: Introduction Entrepreneurs and businesses across the world are trying to develop competitive advantage for them by reducing costs(Liu, 2008). The scope of this current case study examines an entrepreneurial venture of Jamey Bennett of LightWedge. The entrepreneur had previously set up BookWire.com and LendingTree.com in his latest venture LightWedge, he was manufacturing reading Lamp. He decided to shift production to China as that would reduce his manufacturing cost to about 30% as compared to manufacturing in U.S. Thus, he shifted out his factories and set up a trading company in Taiwan and Guangdong. Both the factories were not efficient at manufacturing the lamps and in time required. This led to the company missing out on sales during Christmas. Then subsequently he decided to shift the factories back to China after losing out on subsequent investment. The company is said to have lost out on USD $1.5 million from sales alone due to lateness of delivery. There was investment in factories that was involved in both the locations(Dollinger, 2008). The company currently manufactures lamp in Newport News Virginia with an employee base of 1500. The scope of the report is to identify the various trade-offs the entrepreneur was considering, the methods James could have adopted to avoid the problem and factors that needed consideration to establish appropriate factory in China. Analysis Trade-offs for factory in China China is an emerging economy with one of the fastest developing countries of the world. Various international businesses have built facilities in China, due to prevailing cost advantages. Manufacturing is the key function of the company that will render effectiveness to business functionalities(Hung Lau, 2006). China is a land that offers cheap access to resources for manufacturing units. Especially due to its robust population and lack of formal education cheap labor is available in China in abundant. When the company owner decided to outsource production of lamps to the Chinese territory it wanted to gain significantly on scale of production. Cost of labor in U.S. is particularly high which pushes the cost of production for any unit of goods produced. Thus, if an entrepreneur was to manufacture a product in the U.S and sell he will have lower amounts of profits. For small items as lamps with lower profits, it is nearly impossible to generate immense revenues for reinvesting in the company. But if the same company outsources or shift production and ships the units to U.S for sales he is more likely to incur less cost(Michael, 2008). As costs of production especially of human resource in China are nearly negligible, the entire cost from production goes down. After manufacturing and shipping products from China the company is more likely to remain with a larger proportion of investable profits. This is derived from the theory of comparative cost advantage. Such investible profits have a significant role in entrepreneurial ventures which often perish for lack of revenue generation(Tian, n.d.). U.S. market and its consumers are highly developed and specific in terms of its requirements thus it is almost impossible to sell a defected product in U.S. Hence the entrepreneur should have specified requirements pertaining to markets of U.S. specifically to Chinese factories. Entrepreneurial ventures need to earn a lot of profits especially in the initial years of its business establishment. Though the entrepreneur had earned success in two businesses previously but in the current venture, lack of foresight and absence of proper analysis of strategic environment led to the loss for the company. Any loss occurring to entrepreneurial venture can significantly increase its incidence of failure due to increased cash-flow. This idea of investing for a factory in China is the cost trade-off that the entrepreneur had in mind when planning for a factory in China. While planning to set up a factory and outsource manufacturing into China, the entrepreneur strategic intention was to enhance cash and fund flows in the business by making more than normal profits. With significantly low cost of manufacturing in China and availability to market access in U.S. enables the firms to take advantages from the condition. Though factories in China failed to meet desired output but in case of success it could have rendered immense profitability to the business. Measures to Prevent the Problem While investing in China there are several barriers which the entrepreneur needed to be aware of in order to prevent the venture running into loss. In case the entrepreneur was able to realize such gaps or barriers in China and U.S, then certain measures could have been taken to prevent any loss to the business(Zahra, 2006). The following are measures which could have been taken; Prior to opening production facility in China it was pertinent to understand their culture and appoint an individual. This appointed individual should have had thorough knowledge and awareness regarding Chinese language and its culture. The person could have overseen the operation and reported any sort of discrepancies to the head office in U.S(Mankiw, 2006). Proper description of the lamp to be manufactured such that no discrepancies in the order arise. As Chinese are experts in mass productions, but do not cater to minute details proper and adequate information is required. Specific description and requirement needed to be supplied along with samples such that manufacturers could understand. Training and development of workforce back in China to handhold them into the process of manufacturing specific lamps as per requisites of the company(Kelley, 2012). As the company manufactured lamp of specific quality and standards it was necessary to present such samples and processes to manufacture similar lamps with similar components. Decision regarding outsourcing operations into China should have been considered by evaluating the various strategic alternatives. But the entrepreneur simply attracted by the low manufacturing costs risked the entire business. Hence a comprehensive risk assessment for the company would have enabled proper assessment of the country specific risk analysis of China. The entrepreneur could have easily adopted measures to overcome any challenges in regards to that. The entrepreneur needed to have proper strategic analysis of environmental factors impacting business in China along with clear expectations of what to expect from such businesses. Factors to Consider while Going Back to China The company while production of units of lamp in China had incurred immense losses and further shifting it to U.S needed additional costs. The venture had since the beginning not functioned appropriately and there was immense amount of investment tied to the venture(Jing, 2008). Instead of generating steady line of revenue the company had losses from not been able to sell during seasons and failing to meet requisite standards. In order to re-invest back into China there are several factors that the company needs to consider and understand. The following are the lists of factors that need to be catered to; China is a cheap outsourcing destination but they lack formal education in relation to production. In case the product manufactured in China is standardized then it is relatively easy to get highly valued and good products. Entrepreneur can easily make profits from manufacturing of such products as well but concerns are there in case of product having very minute details. Like in case of lamp production it failed to meet the desired standards(Olson, 2011). Appropriate training and proper guidance needs to be provided for such purposes to ensure that investment encompassing such production does not go into vain. Very few people in China understands and comprehends English language hence, the person-in-charge needs to have communication capabilities in English. As correspondent for the company did not communicate in English thoroughly it was more difficult to pass on instructions and requirement standards. In case the company decides to invest back and develop production facility in China then an appropriate person who can communicate in English needs to be appointed. The person needs to have communication capabilities both in English as well as Chinese to be able to take orders from US and make workers in China understand the same(Bi-fei, 2008). In regards to shipment where the entrepreneur had faced difficulties is another area that needs to be catered to while relocating back to China. The experience with Chinese manufacturers reflects that they have relatively low regards for deadlines and delivery timings. For an entrepreneurial venture every season and opportunity to build a brand name should not be missed, hence deadlines in products delivery to markets have an important factor. Maximum number of entrepreneurial ventures fails due to lack of ability in meeting order deadlines or taking advantages from taking product to market at appropriate times(Drucker, 2014). The entrepreneur needs to assigns order to Chinese offshore representatives with particular deadlines and put pressures such that they are able to meet them in time or before time. These recommendations will help the venture sustain business in Chinese offshore model and help attain comparative advantages aimed at. Conclusion Entrepreneurial ventures derive significant values from innovation time, bringing product to market at appropriate intervals, attaining success in revenue generation and so on. Any decision in an entrepreneurial venture needs to be adequately backed by strategic decisions such that it can enhance capabilities and competitive advantages for such ventures. While offshoring production in China offers a relatively easy and attractive opportunity for businesses the trade-offs of such decisions needs to be well comprehended. There are various reasons for Chinese manufacturing not being able to meet standards specified by international companies. Chinese lags training, formal education and communication skills. While major challenges exists in Chinese markets readily availability of cheap access to resources offers comparative advantages to the country. The possible trade-offs of each type of businesses needs to be values and drawback need to be overcome. The case is an example where negati ve possibilities from manufacturing in China had not been considered leading to double investments and loss in business. The entrepreneur needs to accomplish the following recommendations in order to enhance business viability. Recommendations Entrepreneurial ventures should not only examine validity of its business venture decision, but all decision pertaining to business venture needs to be adequately verified. The following recommendations will help overcome any possibilities of failures in entrepreneurial ventures; Entrepreneurs have to verify each and every aspects of business decisions by strategic analysis. Especially in international outsourcing or expansions environmental analysis of the host country needs to be properly examined by strategic choices. Every entrepreneurial venture has a lead time to establish business, hence while making investment careful analysis and consideration of factors needs to be done. Businesses are established with core motive to make profits thus, endeavors should be made such that maximum profits can be made from entrepreneurial ventures. Any situation that can have a potential loss or any incidence that can impact the business profitability has to be properly investigated to prevent its effects on the business. Reference List Bi-fei, T.I.A.N., 2008. Chinese Service Outsourcing Strategy Based on Global Value Chain Integration [J].. Commercial Research, 4, p.041. Dollinger, M.J., 2008. Entrepreneurship: Strategies and resources. Marsh Publications. Drucker, P., 2014. Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. Hung Lau, K.a.Z.J., 2006. Drivers and obstacles of outsourcing practices in China. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 36(10), pp.776-92. Jing, Y., 2008. Outsourcing in China: An exploratory assessment.. Public Administration and Development, 28(2), pp.119-28. Kelley, D.J..S.S.a.H.M., 2012. The global entrepreneurship monitor. 2011 Global Report, GEM 2011, p.7. Liu, R.a.T.D., 2008. Much ado about nothing:American jobs and the rise of service outsourcing to China and India (No. w14061). National Bureau of Economic Research.. Mankiw, N.G.a.S.P., 2006. The politics and economics of offshore outsourcing.. Journal of monetary Economics, 53(5), pp.1027-56. Michael, S.C...C.J.G., 2008. Entrepreneurial failure: The case of franchisees.. Journal of Small Business Management, pp.73-90. Olson, D.L.a.W.D., 2011. Risk management models for supply chain: a scenario analysis of outsourcing to China.. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 16(6), pp.401-08. Tian, Y..L.F.a.D.F., n.d. An examination of the nature of trust in logistics outsourcing relationship: empirical evidence from China.. Industrial Management Data Systems, 108(3), pp.346-67. Zahra, S.A..S.H.J.a.D.P., 2006. Entrepreneurship and dynamic capabilities: a review, model and research agenda. Journal of Management studies, 43(4), pp.917-55.

Pill Bug Lab Report Sample

Pill Bug Lab Report Paper In this experiment we tested the pill bug Armadillos vulgar to see if it had he ability to make two consecutive right turns. We expected the pill bugs to go on either path; one path with all left turns and the other with all right turns, to prove the turn alternation theory wrong. I expected the pill bugs to follow through with this and go either way because of the food we had placed at each end of both paths would give the pill bugs some incentive on making it all the way. Con troll Experimental Our group made two separate mazes; one was the control while the other was the experimental. Each maze had two paths, the path on the right side and the path on the left side. The right side had only right turns while the left side had only left turns. In the experimental maze there was a longer left side to see if the pill bugs became discouraged the farther they went to their food so that they may turn around and go down the other path. There was incentive at the end of each path; the incentive that we used was dead leaves, which is their favorite thing to feast on. In the mazes we then took 10 pill bugs and put them into an open square that was carved into Styrofoam board. After the pill bugs were placed into the carved maze, they then waited three hours and evaluated to see here the pill bugs would end up. Pill Bugs responded to the maze we constructed and did various movements. Out of all our trials, 23% of the pill bugs remained at the start and curled up into a ball (Figure 1). We will write a custom essay sample on Pill Bug Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pill Bug Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pill Bug Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer While 18% actually made two consecutive right turns and completed the right side of the maze. Based on the results from each trial, there wasnt that great of a difference between the pill bugs going right or left (Figure The results were very consistent with our groups hypothesis. There were some pill bugs that took a left turn but then turned back around and went down the path on the right side. From that, it seemed like they forgot which way they were headed, thus proving that pill bugs suffer from some form of short-term memory (Superman, 1966). This then shows that pill bugs can go either way, it is only dependent on if the pill bug knows where it is going. It might be the reason why certain pill bugs cannot make two consecutive right turns because they go one way and after a distance, forget where they are then they are subject to turning around and going back the way they came. There are many ways to improve this test, next time we should possibly use more pill bugs and do more trials to get better estimate on how the pill bugs are thinking.

Linux Operating Systems Essays - Software, Computer Architecture

Linux Operating Systems Tired of using Windows 95, or maybe just plan tired of the plainness of their interface. Well my friend there is a solution to all of your ails. A man by the name of Linus Travolds and many other professors, and programmers from around the globe have come up with a free offshoot of the operating system UNIX. What they have done is truly amazing, and has brought a very powerful multitasking operating system to the masses. This solves all of my problems with the computer and has happily been using a distribution of Linux from a company called RedHat for the past year or so. And best of all I received the operating system for free with the purchase of a book that tells me everything I want to know about this awesome operating system. Some may say that they won't get the game support for Linux that they have for Windows 95, but I beg to differ. There are currently a number of companies who are making Linux available on new systems, and game companies such as ID offer there games already ported over to the Linux operating system. This is why I believe Linux is one of the best choices for an operating system.

Winds and the Pressure Gradient Force

Winds and the Pressure Gradient Force Wind is the movement of air across the Earth’s surface and is produced by differences in air pressure between one place to another. Wind strength can vary from a light breeze to hurricane force and is measured with the Beaufort Wind Scale. Winds are named from the direction from which they originate. For example, a westerly is a wind coming from the west and blowing toward the east. Wind speed is measured with an anemometer and its direction is determined with a wind vane. Since wind is produced by differences in air pressure, it is important to understand that concept when studying wind as well. Air pressure is created by the motion, size, and number of gas molecules present in the air. This varies based on the temperature and density of the air mass. In 1643, Evangelista Torricelli, a student of Galileo developed the mercury barometer to measure air pressure after studying water and pumps in mining operations. Using similar instruments today, scientists are able to measure normal sea level pressure at about 1013.2 millibars (force per square meter of surface area). The Pressure Gradient Force and Other Effects on Wind Within the atmosphere, there are several forces that impact the speed and direction of winds. The most important though is the Earth’s gravitational force. As gravity compresses the Earth’s atmosphere, it creates air pressure- the driving force of wind. Without gravity, there would be no atmosphere or air pressure and thus, no wind. The force actually responsible for causing the movement of air though is the pressure gradient force. Differences in air pressure and the pressure gradient force are caused by the unequal heating of the Earth’s surface when incoming solar radiation concentrates at the equator. Because of the energy surplus at low latitudes for example, the air there is warmer than that at the poles. Warm air is less dense and has a lower barometric pressure than the cold air at high latitudes. These differences in barometric pressure are what create the pressure gradient force and wind as air constantly moves between areas of high and low pressure. To show wind speeds, the pressure gradient is plotted onto weather maps using isobars mapped between areas of high and low pressure. Bars spaced far apart represent a gradual pressure gradient and light winds. Those closer together show a steep pressure gradient and strong winds. Finally, the Coriolis force and friction both significantly affect wind across the globe. The Coriolis force makes wind deflect from its straight path between high and low-pressure areas and the friction force slows wind down as it travels over the Earth’s surface. Upper Level Winds Within the atmosphere, there are different levels of air circulation. However, those in the middle and upper troposphere are an important part of the entire atmospheres air circulation. To map these circulation patterns upper air pressure maps use 500 millibars (mb) as a reference point. This means that the height above sea level is only plotted in areas with an air pressure level of 500 mb. For example, over an ocean 500 mb could be 18,000 feet into the atmosphere but over land, it could be 19,000 feet. By contrast, surface weather maps plot pressure differences based at a fixed elevation, usually sea level. The 500 mb level is important for winds because by analyzing upper-level winds, meteorologists can learn more about weather conditions at the Earth’s surface. Frequently, these upper-level winds generate the weather and wind patterns at the surface. Two upper-level wind patterns that are important to meteorologists are Rossby waves and the jet stream. Rossby waves are significant because they bring cold air south and warm air north, creating a difference in air pressure and wind. These waves develop along the jet stream. Local and Regional Winds In addition to low and upper-level global wind patterns, there are various types of local winds around the world. Land-sea breezes that occur on most coastlines are one example. These winds are caused by the temperature and density differences of air over land versus water but are confined to coastal locations. Mountain-valley breezes are another localized wind pattern. These winds are caused when mountain air cools quickly at night and flows down into valleys. In addition, valley air gains heat quickly during the day and it rises upslope creating afternoon breezes. Some other examples of local winds include Southern California’s warm and dry Santa Ana Winds, the cold and dry mistral wind of France’s Rhà ´ne Valley, the very cold, usually dry bora wind on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, and the Chinook winds in North America. Winds can also occur on a large regional scale. One example of this type of wind would be katabatic winds. These are winds caused by gravity and are sometimes called drainage winds because they drain down a valley or slope when dense, cold air at high elevations flows downhill by gravity. These winds are usually stronger than mountains of katabatic winds are those that blow off of Antarctica and Greenland’s vast ice sheets. The seasonally shifting monsoonal winds found over Southeast Asia, Indonesia, India, northern Australia, and equatorial Africa are another example of regional winds because they are confined to the larger region of the tropics as opposed to just India for example. Whether winds are local, regional, or global, they are an important component to atmospheric circulation and play an important role in human life on Earth as their flow across vast areas is capable of moving weather, pollutants, and other airborne items worldwide.

Development of the EU Commission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Development of the EU Commission - Essay Example The EU operates through a system of supranational independence institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states. The main institutions of EU include the European Union Council, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the EU, the European Commission, and the European Central Bank1. It has a parliament named European Parliament, elected every five years by the EU citizens. The European Commission is the EU’s supervisory body; responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the union’s treaties, and the general daily running of the union. It operates as a cabinet government, which has 27 members of the Commission. Each member state has one member, and they are bound to represent EU’s interests as a whole, but not their home state. The 27 members elect the Commission President as proposed by the European Council and elected by the European Parliament. The Council in agreement with the nominated president appo ints the 26 members of the Commission, and then the European government approves the full Commission. The EU Council The EU Council is a body comprising of the heads of state of the EU member states, President of the European Council as well as the European Commission’s President. The High Representative for Foreign Affairs also takes part in the Council’s meetings. ... It became an informal body in 1975 and an official EU institution in 2009 after the enforcement of the Treaty of Lisbon. The European Parliament The European Parliament is a parliamentary institution of the European Union elected directly. It exercises the legislative function of the EU together with the Council of the European Union and the Commission. It is one of the most powerful legislatures in the world. It has 754 members serving the world’s largest democratic electorate in the world, second only to India. It is also the world’s greatest international democratic electorate. The universal suffrage directly elects the European Parliament since 1979. The parliament has legislative power that such body does not possess it because it has no legislative initiative as most state parliaments within the Union2. It is the first institution of the EU that has ceremonial precedence in Europe. It shares equal budgetary and legislative powers with the Council, and enjoys equal control over the EU budget. The European Commission and the executive body of the EU are accountable to Parliament because it elects the Commission’s President and staffs the whole Commission. It has the mandate to censure the body thereby forcing its resignation. Powers of the EU Institutions The European Union Commission The European Union Commission holds significant powers in ensuring proper implementation of the treaties. These powers include the mandate to recognize breaches of the EC laws, which is Article 284. The powers given to the Commission are remarkable and it encounters challenges considering that it has to work through the Member States agencies that at times violate the EC laws. However, the Commission has

Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Change - Essay Example As such, hospitals have shifted their conventional approach where they were run on voluntarism basis to a more contemporary and competitive approach. This approach has seen many hospitals corporatize their services thereby adopting normal organizational management approaches and strategies like change management. It is important to note that in their pursuit of organizational strategizing many of them have closed down while others have survived the competition. Majority of those which have closed down have done so as a result of inefficient management, others have created barriers for all patients to access medical care. In the workplace there is need for change management to take place in respect to number of staff. The hospital is operating quite inefficiently as a result of having an unnecessary high number of staff. Redundancy creeps in where many workers are doing the same thing without creativity or level of innovation. Considering the number of both outpatients and inpatients the available manpower is way above the optimum which results in wastage of time. This also results in wastage of finances which could otherwise be used to improve on quality of medical care provided. In order to ensure that all employees work optimally and to reduce on cost of operations, a downsizing plan is necessary (Schulz & Johnson, 2003). When considering the Lewin’s Force Field Analysis driving forces and restraining forces have three major elements each. Downsizing strategy/ Lewin’s Force Field Analysis This is a measure that is quite sensitive in many organizations as labor unions and other restraining forces play crucial roles. It is also referred to as restructuring or reorganizing. It is complex to implement as it also requires restructuring of job designations, change in departments and their consolidations among others (Cohn & Hough, 2008). Although highly unpopular this strategy has worked for many corporate organizations like GM and IBM. Since hospital s have adopted corporate measures in management then change strategies cannot be blind to downsizing. One of the driving forces is cost saving which is the most obvious of all benefits. Due to the increased pressure for hospitals to be self reliant and increased control of care plans the hospital needs to cut down on its cost of operations (Mason, Leavitt & Chaffee, 2007). This subsequently creates an internal pool of resources which are in turn used to improve on services offered. The economic condition is not at its best with many sectors still recovering from the recent 2007-09 global economic meltdown. The other force is improved efficiency especially by targeting employees whose jobs do not contribute directly to revenues and which do not heavily affect the hospital’s core operations. The strategy will also help in weeding out poor performers and retain highly skilled employees. Efficiency is also derived when the few remaining employees focus their energy towards core d uties of the hospital. There is also shorter communication channels and improved responsiveness. This way bureaucracy is eliminated resulting to a more flat command structure. The third major force is labor mobility which benefits the hospital in an indirect way. In case many employees will be found to be non performers it will be relatively easy to hire new ones coming from inefficient or closed hospitals. On the other hand there are competing forces that

Economic Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic Depression - Essay Example Economists and policymakers are concerned with these fluctuations and their effects to the economy. A typical business cycle goes through the stages of peak, recession, trough and recovery. Each stage of the business cycle shows the effects of fluctuations in the level of output and employment in the economy. During peak stage, the economy is near or at full capacity, as reflected by high level of output, rising prices and full employment. This is usually followed by a recession which if severe and prolonged causes economic depression. Recessions are as irregular as they are common (Mankiw 1997). At this stage, there is a decline in the total output, income, employment and trade. This results from the contraction of the business activities of the sectors in the economy. Because of these downfall, the general price level is also likely to fall and if the economy cannot recover from this period, economic depression will occur. Economists continue to debate about the causes of economic depression. They argued that it is due to decline in spending on goods and services because of the decline income. Their view uses the spending hypothesis as their explanation. This hypothesis blames the uncertainty about future growth that makes consumers consume less and save more of their incomes. This is what exactly the problem of China now.

The Roles And Responsibility Of A Teacher

The Roles And Responsibility Of A Teacher Introduction This report is designed to help an individual who wishes to be employed in the teaching field. The main focus of this report will be on primary school teaching. The report will talk about the key entry requirements that are needed, the key issues and policies that are usually required and a summary on what would make this profession considered an attractive occupation and why it would be recommended. Rationale: The report is designed to help any individual to know what they are looking for when deciding to join the professional field of primary teaching. Methods: The methods that were use to find information on the topic was mainly from internet sources, books and journal, Results: The Roles and Responsibility of a teacher: The roles and the responsibilities that a teacher must have are that they must be able to maintain a professional manner when working with children. They also must have a high expectation from the parent and the children. The parents ask that their child do very good compared to other school. The teacher must also have the updated knowledge of any up coming or current polices regarding the children. (Teachernet.gov.uk/ Standards 2007) According to Teachernet (2007) it also explains that the teacher must also have the ability to work together as a team and must also be expected to work longer hours if required. They also must be able to use different ranges of strategies to help develop children abilities. Like help develop knowledge and understanding for example. Support those who need guidance on their learning methods. Establish safe environments for everyone; ensure what is happening in the classroom and outside as well. They must have a good knowledge of literacy and numeracy ski lls and IT skills as well. Teachers must also mark assessments to the correct requirement and make sure that the marking is approved by the second marker. Entry Requirement for the teacher: To become a teacher the standard entry requirement that a person must have is GCSE five A- C in Maths, English and Science. A CRB (Criminal Records Bureau) and experience with working with children. These are the standard that the person working towards teaching must have. The next stage would be to achieve a QTS Qualified Teacher Status by doing ITT Initial Teacher Training. There are several routes to ITT. Postgraduate path With a degree or similar in a relevant subject for the primary National Curriculum, a PGCE Postgraduate Certificate of Education could be a good route. You can study by distance learning on a flexible basis, two years part-time or one year full-time. SCITT School-Centred Initial Teacher Training SCITT is a classroom-based training programme taking one year and normally leading on to the PGCE qualification. You need a degree to qualify. Employment-based routes You could gain QTS in a school while working on a trainee salary along a programme shown below: GTP Graduate Teacher Programme (you must have a degree) RTP Registered Teacher Programme (you must have degree, BTEC HND or two years of a degree) OTTP Overseas Trained Teacher Programme (you must have a non-EU teaching qualification equivalent to a UK degree). The number of employment-based programme places is limited and a great deal of competition exists. (Careerguide.com 2010) There also will be training requirement throughout the person career. It can depend on what the person needs help on. Government Policies and Issues One current issue that the teachers are facing is the abolishing of the SATS. There have been talks about how the government wishes to get rid of the year Six SATS. In the Teachers Nut magazine Dec 09, it gives an article about how the teachers wanted to boycott the Sats as they felt that the children are given too much pressure. An article written by Sarah Lyons in Nut magazine 09, shows a survey where they found the latest teacher workload and how much they are tackling it. The survey looks at the different ranges that the teacher must do. One of the common problems that arose was that the teachers had excessive workload and that there was a limit of 48hrs and that the teachers were going well above to fit all of these. Also there was an issue of amount of task that they were given to fit and try to get the student to do. Every Child Matters 2004 (ECM) is a green paper which shares programmes to help support and improve the outcomes of young children from the ages 0-19 years. With this it provides how the child should be treated in schools and make sure that they are safe wherever they are. Although it is a law paper, it is really useful as it can help contribute the relationship between the teacher and student, because if the child is feeling insecure it can encourage the child to talk to the teacher. In the journal written by Johnston 99, the number of males entering the primary teaching field has decrease compared to female. They explain that the male are more pressure to be seen in a more masculine field as the teaching field is more feminine, as the teaching field need more of a caring environment which tend to be more female This make the males feel that they have to compete for a position which they must show that they can be caring as a female. The journal explains how men feel pressured into more masculine roles as teaching has been stereotyped as a female field. As a result these cause men to feel that they have to compete for the position, which they must need to show that they are caring just like women. Curtis, 2009 explains that the head teachers of primary schools are asking parents to not believe the league tables as it is it is not reliable. This is because the table shows some of the children potential. Primary teachers are complaining that the children are not being shown their full potential. It also shows the difference between schools and undermine their child education as other students would resort to bullying when they find that the student go to a bottom school. The media is putting pressure on the teachers as they are complaining that the students are not doing well. They are making the teachers feel that they are not given the students the best and are only there to make money. Because in the Daily Mail 2010, an article explained that the teachers are having to put up with more children as the classrooms are really small and that the teachers are having problems looking after more then 30 children in a class, which then makes it creates more issues as the teacher is finding it more difficult to teach as they will not be able to help the child to their full potential as different child will need different help. Conclusion Why is teaching primary school a good profession when there are so many issues and many policies to learn? Teaching is a good professional field to go into as it gives a person something to give back. Becoming a teacher means that you will be able to challenge yourself and make use of all the skill you have learnt throughout your years. It also means that you will be able to express yourself and will learn to work together with teams. Becoming a teacher will help you become focus and make you independent. Becoming a teacher will help you be proud of your student, when you see them giving you smiles when they have achieved something. Also as a career, there are opportunities that can mean that you can move up the ladder. Also, the pay rate increases as you move up and the starting rate is from ÂÂ £20,000 per year and moves onwards. Another reason why this is a good professional is that as a teacher you will be able to learn new development and policies, that it will be very handy and you will be contently constantly learning training new things to improve your skills. Becoming a teacher will mean that you will have a job security and will be able to travel the world and help teach other students as well, also it will make you feel younger and livelier with the children. You also get the summer term and any other main holiday as well. And also teach new subjects that you may have not known about. Becoming a teacher is fun and will make you enjoy your life. It will also make you please that you are able to teach others and make them feel proud of themselves.

Interprofessional Collaboration

Interprofessional communication and collaboration are a significant part of ensuring safe and effective patient outcomes. In the case detailed below the health care team failed to communicate and collaborate care of patient A, ultimately leading to a negative outcome. Patient A is a female white 38 year old G1P0 with Type I diabetes since the age of 9. Due to her high risk pregnancy and history of non compliance with medical therapy she had been coming in since 28 weeks gestation for twice weekly non stress tests. One Saturday as patient A was at the hospital for her non stress test she was found to have elevated blood pressure and proteinuria. Dr. A, an obstetrician (OB), who was on call for the weekend decided to send the patient home on bed rest and to follow up with her primary OB physician, Dr. B on Monday. At her follow up appointment with her primary OB, she was found to still have elevated blood pressures, blood sugars in 200's, 2+ protein in her urine and had some elevated blood work. Primary OB decided Patient A needed to be induced due to patient A’s unstable condition. Primary OB is not on call this particular Monday and asked Dr. C to induce her patient. Dr. C was not happy about inducing her because of her high risk status but agreed to do so. Dr. D, a laborist and pediatrician, wanted the patient transferred to a higher level of care facility because he felt due to patient A’s history best care for the newborn would be at another facility. Dr. D and Dr. C argued about patient A’s care and disposition at the nurses’ station which was in close proximity to patient A’s room. The nurses who were without a manager at the time were unable to control the altercation between Dr. C and Dr. D. Patient A who overheard the discussion eventually asked to be transfer to another hospital to seek care elsewhere. This paper highlights the importance of effective interprofessional collaboration that is missing in this case. As well, potential plans of action and potential outcomes are discussed. Plan to Address Conflict The major conflict in this situation was a lack of communication between providers regarding the best plan of care of the patient. In addition to the obstetrician, members of the interprofessional team should include the pediatrician, a nurse leader, and the patient. Legare et al (2011) describes a stepwise approach to interprofessional collaboration and the shared decision-making process. The members of the interprofessional team must start by exchanging information and options available related to the care of the patient. Next, the values of both the patient and the healthcare providers should be clarified and addressed. The feasibility of each option should be weighed. Often, certain options are not feasible based on resources or time. In this case, the skills and comfort of the healthcare team members needed to be considered. Once a decision is made, the information needs to be disseminated, including the plan of care and rationales for the decision made. SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation) is a useful tool in succinct and structured communication. (Boaro, Fancott, Baken, Velji, & Andreoli, 2010) To prevent future situations similar to this one, Standard Operating Procedures, or SOPs, should be developed and followed. These SOPs should address staff competency, scope of practice, role clarification, and the resources and limitations of the facility. The interprofessional team should develop these SOPs together to ensure they reflect the values of the involved disciplines. (Gardner, 2010) Additionally, resources are available to aid hospitals in developing a structure for interprofessional collaboration. A national interprofessional competency framework detailed by the Canadian Interprofessional Health Collaborative (CIHC) provides an integrative approach to describe competencies required for the interprofessional collaboration to be effective. They are as follows: (1) interprofessional communication (2) patient/family centered care (3) role clarification (4) team functioning (5) collaborative leadership (6) interprofessional conflict resolution. (CIHC, 2010) CIHC suggests that having a competency framework because it helps the team make sense of the learning practice, it will differentiate matters by relevance, give the team members a chance to apply the learning to practical situations and then associate the learning elements by integrating them. CIHC, 2010) When this patient arrived to the unit, if the team had used the six suggested competencies providing best care for this mom and baby could have been achieved easier. Discussion of Outcomes The intent of interprofessional collaboration is one that will foster the safe practice of all health care professionals, and enables the achievement of better outcomes. Some outcomes needed for this particular situation would be as followed: 1. Shared decision making between all pr oviders involved. What is the best practice that can be provided for a safe outcome for mom and baby? Inducing the mom because it was best practice was made by the OB, but she didn't factor in safe practice for the pediatric doctor in this situation. 2. Demonstrate professional conduct during inter professional collaboration. Make sure if there are any discussions with team members, disagreements with the care that is being provided that it is not done where the patient can hear it. 3. That the interprofessional team can acknowledge the various skill levels of everyone involved. The pediatric hospitalist is this situation felt that the patient’s diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes, uncontrolled throughout the pregnancy put the baby at risk for having glucose controlled problems and felt that a higher level of care was needed because it was beyond his skills set. Interprofessional collaboration was necessary in this situation. No one discipline has all of the knowledge needed to provided complete patient-centered care. True interdisciplinary patient-centered care includes a partnership between health care professionals as well as the patient. This collaborative and coordinated approach improves patient outcomes and quality of care (Orchard, Curran, & Kabene, 2005). In this case, the interprofessional team failed to communicate effectively. This lack of communication and professional conduct led to a failure to recognize the skill levels of the team members, and prevented the team from making a shared decision that would benefit the patient. Conclusion In order for patient A to achieve a positive outcome several factors related to interprofessional collaboration needed to be addressed in this case. First, to improve collaboration and understanding, clear team roles of the health care providers should be defined. Scopes of practice as defined by standard operation procedures and discussions of available resources should be taken into account. In addition, distribution a consistent communication tool such as SBAR could be used. Had the healthcare providers involved with this case practiced as a team, positive outcomes such as: open communication, trust, professionalism and improved patient outcomes and experiences would have been achieved. References Boaro, N., Fancott, C., Baker, R., Velji, K., & Andreoli, A. (2010). Using SBAR to improve communication in interprofessional rehabilitation teams. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 24(1), 111-114. Gardner, D. (2010). Expanding scope of practice: Inter-professional collaboration or conflict? Nursing Economics 28(4), 264-266. Legare, F., Stacey, D., Pouliot, S., Gauvin, F. P., Desroches, S., Kryworuchko, J., †¦Graham, I. D. (2011). Interprofessionalism and shared decision-making in primary care: a stepwise approach towards a new model. Journal of Interprofessional Care 25, 18-25. Orchard, C.A., Curran, V., & Kabene, S. (2005). Creating a culture of interdisciplinary collaborative professional practice. Medical Education Online. Retrieved from http://med-ed-online.net/index.php/meo/article/viewArticle/4387. Canadian Interprofessional Health Collaborative. ( 2010). A National Interprofessional Competency Framework. Retrieved from http://www.chic.ca/files/CIHC_IPCompetencies_Feb1210.pdf

From Bretton Woods to Global Finance

Eric Helleiner’s paper, â€Å"From Bretton Woods to Global Finance: A World Turned Upside Down,† discussed the major causes of the globalization of financial markets, were surprisingly attributed to the Bretton Woods system that opposed a liberal, international financial order. In addition, Helleiner also expounded how the states played an essential role in the globalization process despite the widely-believed fact that they were not major factors in the global development of financial markets.In general, the central issues discussed by the author were the actual processes of globalization and how com/the-causes-of-the-collapse-of-the-bretton-woods-system/">the Bretton Woods system brought about a global process that it never intended to create. His central argument was that the state played three major roles that caused the rise of global financial markets. In addition, he also argued that the Bretton Woods system unknowingly helped the creation of these markets due it s system of trade and finances. Before he outlined his arguments, he first discussed the process of the development of the Bretton Woods system.First was that capitals controls were established to protect the new macroeconomic planning mechanisms from speculative financial movements that could disrupt the equilibrium. Second, due the increase in expenditure, the state was not capable of allowing their citizens and corporations to move funds abroad to avoid being taxed. Third was that the local financial regulatory structures established during the 1930s and 1940s would collapse if the domestic borrowers and savers were given access to the markets of finance abroad.Lastly, the state had to be protected from â€Å"hot money† or illegal transactions and financial flows that were caused by political motives and moves towards legislation. Meaning to say, under the Bretton Woods system, access to international or foreign markets were limited during that time because it did not bene fit the state as much as it did the foreign markets. In addition, the system also believed that a liberal financial order was not compatible with system of exchange rates and liberal trading system that were considered as highly stable.Speculative or uncertain financial flows were one of the major causes of disturbances in foreign exchange rates. In trade, capital movements threatened to force painful and adverse adjustments on the current account which was less flexible and as a result would raise the demands for protectionist measures. In other words, financial liberalism was sacrificed in order to pave the way for a liberal trading order and stable exchange rate that were vital to the growth and development of a country.However, the Bretton Woods system was significantly changed after the globalization of financial markets. Helleiner noted that that the post possible causes of the emergence of global financial markets were market pressure and the significant advancements in techn ology. In terms of technology, the various advancements and creation of highly sophisticated devices made moving money around the world much easier and less costly. In terms of market however, Helleiner noted five causes.These included: the restoration of the market confidence and the assurance that international financial transactions were safe; the swift expansion in the demand for international services in the market which happened alongside the growth of multinational corporations; the OPEC states’ deposition of major surplus funds in international banking markets; the beginning of floating exchange rates which prompted markets to diversify their assets; and the last was that conservative local markets pressured the financial operators to the international stage in order to keep up with the rising competition in the domestic markets.Although Helleiner did not discount the roles that technology and market pressure played in the globalization process, he also argued that th e states also played key roles. These roles are: the states’ failure to implement effective controls, its liberalization activities, and the prevention of major financial crisis. He noted that during that time, when the U. S.rejected abolished the Bretton Woods system of capital controls and created a liberal financial order, European countries and Japan, failed to implement control measures that would counteract America’s new stance due to the major costs it entailed. As a result, most countries also adopted a more liberal financial order similar to the U. S. The states’ second role, which was the liberalization of the market, Helleiner argued, involved the enabling of domestic banks and corporations to operate offshore or internationally.This eventually disrupted the fixed and controlled exchange rates that were established by the Bretton Woods system. Lastly, Helleiner claimed that the states prevention of major financial crises, such as the United States res cue of the Franklin National Bank in 1974 and Mexican debt in1982, eventually paved the way for countries, which were regulated by the Bretton Woods system of capital controls, to embrace a more liberal financial system in order to avert a crisis.In short, Helleiner vividly illustrated how the Bretton Woods system contributed to its own undowing. In general, all of the author’s points were very true as Helleiner made use of actual historical events to substantiate his claims. While the Bretton Woods system of capital controls was effective during that time, it only had temporary effects. Today, the market is too diverse and too flexible to be controlled by a single regulating system.Moreover, I also believe the fact that the states, due to their dependency on international financial flows during that time, unknowingly played crucial roles in the globalization of financial markets, which eventually resulted in a free market that is being enjoyed by most parts of the world toda y. In addition, I also believe that international trade and globalization are essential factors in the growth and development of any country because it involves penetrating markets all over the world.In short, the Bretton Woods system can be considered truly obsolete and should never be implemented again especially today as the global market is highly volatile and is subject to various changes. The placement of capital controls under the Bretton Woods system also means limiting the capabilities of the market, which would prove to be disadvantageous in the future. References Helleiner, E. (2007). From Bretton Woods to Global Finance: A World Turned

Returning a Call and Replying to a Message

Returning a Call and Replying to a Message Returning a Call and Replying to a Message Returning a Call and Replying to a Message By Maeve Maddox A person who is not able to speak to a caller at the time a call is placed, telephones the person who called at a later time. The phrase used to describe this exchange of phone calls is â€Å"to return a phone call.† This use of return is suitable in the context of telephoning, but it is not the best choice for other forms of communication. In the context of written messages, â€Å"to return† is commonly understood to mean â€Å"to send back† or â€Å"to reject.† For example: She returned his letters unread. I keep getting all these emails returned undelivered. Senders are getting their  emails returned  when sending to our gmail account. Some speakers, perhaps by analogy with telephoning, use return as if it meant, reply, respond, or respond to. Here are some examples, together with revisions: He returned my message right away. BETTER: He replied to my message right away. I suggested a date to visit his institution but  he never returned my email. BETTER: I suggested a date to visit his institution, but he never replied to my email. The doctor never returned my message  or sent any kind of confirmation that  he  received it. BETTER: The doctor never responded to my message or sent any kind of confirmation that he received it. They  never returned my request  for information. BETTER: They never responded to my request for information. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsYay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other AcclamationsPassed vs Past

Task Group Proposal (Write a proposal for any of the 3 types of groups covered in the Groups Communication Class)

Task Group Proposal (Write a proposal for any of the 3 types of groups covered in the Groups Communication Class) Task Group ProposalOrganization of a Gay and Lesbian Students Club atXYZ Community College (XYZ)1. The Task Group will meet the first and third Wednesday of March, April, and May 2005. The meetings will be held from 4.30pm to 6.00 pm in Conference Room 216 on the second floor of XYZ Library. All meetings are closed to the public with the exception of the meeting scheduled for April 6, 2005. The public will be invited to offer input during this meeting.The group's purpose is to:a. Discuss and write Bylaws for the proposed Gay and Lesbian Students Club.b. Create a meeting and activities schedule for the upcoming semester for the proposed club.c. Forward the completed Bylaws and schedule for approval to the Student Activities Coordinator, Student Activities Executive Board, and Administrative Council, as outlined in the Guidelines for Prospective College-Sponsored Clubs or Organizations.2. The Task Group will include four self-identified gay or lesbian XYZ students, Ms.Journal of the Ga y and Lesbian Medical AssociationJane Doe acting as advisor to the group, and one representative from ABC University's Gay and Lesbian Organization LAMBDA to offer input from an already established gay and lesbian college organization.3. The objectives of this task group are to create a new club that will enhance student life by offering a club to students that may not feel comfortable joining other clubs due to their sexual orientation. Learning will take place as group members share their expectations in the proposed club and talk about possible activities they desire to include in the club's schedule.4. Members may feel overwhelmed by having to write Bylaws for the proposed club, if this is something they have never done before. Group members may also fear what impact participation in this group may have on their college life; for example, fear...

Can You Motivate The Unmotivated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 1

Can You Motivate The Unmotivated - Essay Example Jenkins emphasizes that restricting the use of L1 does not help develop the positive attitude towards L2. In fact, flexibility to use L1 can motivate the students and provide the necessary foundation on which to build. Dà ¶rnyei (2001) agrees that facilitation, not control can motivate humans. Jenkins asserts that restricting the use of L1 is monolingualism and this practice is ineffective in low-level homogenous EFL settings. This is because languages have strong, inseparable and complex ties to culture and insisting on monolingualism is to exert pressure on the students to check their identities. The question then arises whether restricting the use of L1 assists in or inhibits the proper acquisition and learning of the second language, in short, whether it is an asset or a liability. This paper sheds some light on motivation theories and their application with respect to EFL. This would help the teaching fraternity as well as help students in developing a positive attitude towards the target language, thereby enabling them to lay a firm foundation for speaking and writing in L2. In order to evaluate the issue under consideration, I will look at the recent research works and studies on L2 motivation as a second language (in a foreign environment) or foreign language (in a native English-speaking country). For the analysis of the problem, I have selected a few relevant documents to accumulate knowledge and to establish well-grounded theoretical context and conceptual framework for the paper. So this assignment can also serve as a comprehensive summary of the relevant studies which comprise, for example, Clà ©ment and Gardne, (2001), Dà ¶rnyei (2001a, 2001c) and MacIntyre (2002).

Journal 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Journal 6 - Essay Example As a result it helps the organization to develop a strong and high brand image. Affirmative action can help an organization to take necessary actions against the discrimination. Effective affirmative action helps an organization to ensure equal employment opportunity for each and every employee. It ensures effective training and development program, transparent performance appraisal, and equal compensation distribution for each and every employee. It benefits organizations in several ways. First of all, it helps to reduce the possibility of challenges like employee poaching (Truesdell, 2003). Last but not the least; it influences several key stakeholders to take interest in the business operation process of an organization. Effective EEO and AA help an organization to overcome the possibilities of several types of workplace discrimination as it helps to ensures equal opportunities for each and every capable employee. It actually helps to motivate employees to perform

Generic Business Strategies and Advantage of Tourist Companies Statistics Project

Generic Business Strategies and Advantage of Tourist Companies - Statistics Project Example In business research, multiple regression is applied for two main purposes that are closely related. The first purpose it for prediction of relationships. When using it for this purpose the researcher seeks to find the linear combination of a set of predictor variables that give the best estimates for a dependent variable across a number of different observations (Franses and Paap, 2004). The accuracy of prediction of the multiple regressions model is measured by the magnitude of R2 as well as the statistical significance of the entire model. On the other hand, if the prediction provided by the model is statistically significant overall, then multiple regression analysis is used to draw conclusions about all the individual predictor/independent variables (Wei, 2006). Basically, the statistics obtained from multiple regression models are applied in testing the hypotheses regarding the effects of individual independent variables on the dependent variable (Cryer and Chan, 2008). Â  Multiple regression has been basically described as a statistical technique that allows a researcher to predict an entity’s score on one variable on the basis of its scores on several other variables (Mason and Perreault, 2001). The variable on which the score is being predicted is referred to as the dependent variables while the others are the predictor variables. In this exercise, multiple regressions are applied in the measurement of the relationship between generic business strategies and competitive advantage in tourist companies. In this case, competitive advantage is the dependent variable while the predictor variables consist of three major factors including cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, and focus strategy.

Why Should You Work Hard Essay Example for Free

Why Should You Work Hard Essay Have you ever been jealous of someone who is more successful than you? Have you ever think about why could this happen? It is common that employees complain about their work situation, their picky boss, and their outstanding colleagues. In every area, there are several outstanding geniuses. They stay there, and it seems like they can never be surpassed. They are like myths. Have you ever considered why there has always been someone who seems like relax but better than you and stands there forever. However, grumble does not help. Working harder than expectation is necessary for winning respect from others, making individuals valuable, and making an effort to build a stronger country. Losers never know the difference between them and individuals who are successful. Many of these persons hold the opinion that it is unnecessary to work very hard because when lucky arrives, they will success. Some of them keep purchasing for lottery, and they have the mentality of not doing anything but becoming millionaires (Brhel, n. d). However, do they really happy? Landau (2011), a journalist of CNN, said that the lucky do become happier after they winning a numerous prize, but level off soon. Others think that they born with unlucky. One of my classmates complained about the condition of him a week ago. He said that quizzes were too much, he did not have a good foundation of English, and other students were so smart. However, he ignores the point that he does not pay enough attention in class, and it reflected on that he asks me about the assignments after class everyday. Obviously, he did not focus on what instructor said. This attitude might cause failure in his study, even might bring negative influence to his career. Some of citizens criticize a number of celebrities who born with honor intensely. Anyone who comes from a famous family or a famous person gets a head start without making any effort. For instance, the children who were adopted by the movie star Angelina Jolie receive more attention from the public than normal citizens do. Later on we may learn there is nothing unusual about the children, but they are watched from the entire world because of their connections. That is true, and this situation can never be ignored. However, the majority are still ordinary citizens who have to work hard. Thus, one who holds those inappropriate ideas should be denied. Some might suggest that we are required to work hard; as a result, we can be successful employees in different areas in the future. That is true, it is necessary that we work hard and obtain a good payment. However, it is not sufficient just work hard. If you just work hard, you might meet the requirement of teachers or bosses and your classmates or your colleagues might admire you because you are a good person, but you are still for from successful. The reason is that you are in a limited environment where your colleagues are so normal. If you only compare with them, the result will be good, which you meet the requirements and surpass other colleagues. However, no one is going to remember you in the history because you did not bring any change for this company, and you did not do several contributions to this company. At last, you are same as everyone other ordinary employees, or you are one of them. Thus, one who wants to become an outstanding person might want work harder to fight for a better reputation. Therefore, you might think about what to motivate you to become a successful person. It is so significant to win other’s respect in one’s life. One cannot leave without esteem. Further more, work harder is necessary for you to promote yourself. By work harder, you can dig your potential talent and improve your ability of working and dealing with problems. By working hard, you can make contribution to the country. In Obama’s impressive speech, he mentioned that many devices and inventories are created and a great number of literature masterpieces were written in the past. What can we do to devote to the country? That is, work harder than others, make a high goal, and reach it. In conclusion, I would like to suggest that everyone not easily to satisfy with the situation, instead, work harder to meet your goal in your mind and gain respect from others and make an effort for the development of the country. Complaining, being arrogant, being shortsighted are enemies of becoming an outstanding person. Working hard might seems like hard to achieve, but if you keep pushing yourself, miracle might arrive.

Kurt Lewin Essay -- essays research papers

Kurt Lewin Kurt Lewin was a great innovater at his time in the field of Psychology. The theories he developed, the methods of reserch he used and the people he influenced all have had a profound impact on Psychology and even more specifically on Social Psychology. Lewin was born in 1890 in what is now Poland but at the time was the Prussian province of Posen, in the village of Moglino and was the second of four children (Greathouse). His parents owned a general store, and a farm on the outskirts of the village. When Lewin was fifteen his family moved away from the small village, the farm and their store and went to Berlin. It was in Germany was where Lewin began his formal education, but like most people he was unsure of what he really wanted to study at first. In 1909 Lewin began attending the University of Frieberg where he started to study medicine. This did not interest him so he transferred to the University of Munich where he tried to study Biology. Again Lewin decided that this was not for him so he transferred for the last time, this time to the University of Berlin where his study of Philosophy and Psychology began (Frostburg). Lewin was said to have "found many of (the school's) department's courses in the grand tradition of Wundtian psychology irreverant and dull (Greathouse)." He would eventually receive his Ph.D. in the "experimental study of associative learning" at the University of Berlin in 1916 (Jones). Lewin was married twice in his life, the first time in 1917 to a schoolteacher named Maria Landsberg with whom he had the first two of his four children, but in 1927 they divorced. In 1929 he remarried to Gertrud Weiss who he had his third and fourth child with (Frostburg). But before Lewin actually received his degree, he served in the German Army during World War I. While in the service Lewin rose from the rank of private to Lieutenant and was wounded in battle (Jones). These experiences may have had a significant effect on his later research on group psychology. After the war in 1921 Lewin began work at the Psychological Institute at the University of Berlin, where he had the opportunity to work with Wolfgan... ... to speak where ever he went. Students and colleagues working under at different times and at different institutions have said that they felt like the were "doing important work (Patnoe pg. 15)." and there is very little that can provide for a better working environment then honest pride in one's work. Kurt Lewin's work in Child Psychology, Group Psychology, Social Psychology, the psychology of prejudice and his new methods of testing and retesting theories through Action Research were all groundbreaking at the time and continue to have their impact on the field today. But, Lewin was not only a genius in terms of his work in Psychology, he also had a great ability to make the people that he was working with better at their own work. Many of his students and colleagues went on to be some of the most influential minds in psychology. The group he worked with at MIT at the end of his life was especially influential. A study in 1984 showed that "eight of the ten most cited social psychologists are direct descendants of this line of researchers (Patnoe pg.11)." It is fair to say that Kurt Lewin was the father of modern Social Psychology.

Annotated referencelist

Throughout the text it clearly mentions that they have specifically chosen this particular time period due to the fact that is shows the commencement of impartial research as well as the changeover between the founding years (Cave, 1983). Throughout the above Journal article there are a variety of areas which are mentioned, they Include, the Chicago school, the methods and the department In the sass's as well as the precursor to the translation years (Cave, 1983). By discussing these areas It allows for a better understanding of the Chicago school during these ears to be developed.Application: The main contributing factor as to why the chosen article may be useful in understanding and answering the essay question is it allows for a better understanding of the topic at hand. When answering an essay question is it is key to have an understanding of the ideas about the Chicago school and how it came about. The chosen Journal article allows for this while also giving us a further look at the contributions It has made to criminology. The research behind this Journal article mom from four renowned figure during the discussed time frame.The research produced by these four Individuals, who have studied this area In-depth, Is extremely helpful when trying to gain a better understanding of the Chicago school. Book: Brown, S, Expenses, F and Gels, G 2010, Criminology: Explaining crime and Its context, Lexis's Group, New Jersey The Book Criminology: Explaining crime and its context focuses mainly on, as stated be seen that there are a number of section which discuss; crime and criminology, horses of crime and types of crime and foundations of criminology.While deliberating these areas the text also refers to one of the main projects of the Chicago school, CAP, which is known as the Chicago school area project to try and prevent delinquency (Brown et al, 2010). The book outlines how both the Chicago school and CAP it relate to crime. With the information presented within th e summary the chosen text can be useful when answering the above essay question. Throughout the text the reasoning as to why crime occurs and the numerous types of crime are clearly stated.By using this book it will allow us to have a better understanding of crime and criminology, thus allowing us to answer the second part of the question. With the mention of CAP it helps us to identify the connection between and criminology and the contribution the Chicago school has had on it. The book gives us an in-depth look at current crime issues as well as the relevance of the contribution to criminological thought in current years. The book helps us to gain knowledge of the link between the Chicago school and crime.

Electrical gadget

Want to make your computer experience a little†¦ Bulgier? For sure you want to watch your favorite movie in a big screen because it easy to watch, and give you a lot of satisfaction. II. When I want to decide to watch TV using computer a few years ago, I really have no idea how to connect the cable. Then, at that time my friend shows me easy steps on how to do it. Ill. I have learned about the steps during that time and I did additional research for this speech. IV.Today I will inform you three main steps f how to using television as a computer monitor which are consist consideration about condition of TV and computer, connections between them and changing computer settings. (Transitions: Let's start by looking for what are the considerations) Body l. The first step Is to take considerations about the condition of television and computer In order to get the best result after changing it. A. Keep the television at the right height for computer use 1. It is best to keep the televi sion at a height where your eye level is roughly % of the way up the screen, much like with a monitor.B. Make sure your television has good resolution 1. When your computer sends the image to the television, it's going to be designed for a much smaller screen. 2. Even with a high resolution TV, some text may appear blurry. 3. With a lower resolution television, you may have a very difficult time reading text C. Find your computers output options 1. Look at the back of your computer and identify the output options. 2. These are sometimes labeled, but they may be easier to identify by looking at images of the outputs online D. Find your television's input options.

Globalization Leads to the Demise of the State

Globalization Leads to the Demise of the State The mercantilists were the very first group of thinkers to relate economic prosperity with international trade. They believed that the strength of a nation is determined through its possession of precious metals or bullions. As the state generally invaded neighboring nations and set up colonies, thereby provide no new market to the traders; mercantilists always supported the existence of a powerful state. (ORourke, 1999) The mercantilists view of state interference in international trade and other affairs were severely criticized by the Father of the Modern Economists, Adam Smith. Smith initiated the generation of classical economists and Ricardo, Marshall and others later backed his ideas, the classical view was dashed to the ground, courting the Great Depression. Maynards Keynes suggested a strict government intervention in order to stabilize the economy and lead it the point of prosperity. (Keynes, 1965) Following the Keynesian doctrine, the concept of planned economy emerged. Thi s concept received fertile soil to prosper at the background of socialist movement in Soviet Russia and later in China.Globalization to the advantage - 2010-09-16For around sixty years the concept of planned economy has been embraced by several nations of the world. The role of state is extremely important in a planned economy, as it is the state that formulates the policies and then implements them. When the planned economic set up failed to deliver what was expected owing to high level of corruption among the government officials, the bureaucrat politician nexus and lack of political will, then at the beginning of 1990, a new concept began to emerge in the global economic scenario and was later termed as globalization. (ORourke, 1999)Globalization was not a new concept when the European countries were making efforts to unite under one hood to prevent American aggression even at that time the essence of globalization was present. The only difference...

US Neutrality Acts of the 1930s and the Lend-Lease Act

US Neutrality Acts of the 1930s and the Lend-Lease Act The Neutrality Acts were a series of laws enacted by the United States government between 1935 and 1939 that were intended to prevent the United States from becoming involved in foreign wars. They more-or-less succeeded until the imminent threat of World War II spurred passage of the 1941 Lend-Lease Act (H.R. 1776), which repealed several key provisions of the Neutrality Acts. Key Takeaways: Neutrality Acts and Lend-Lease The Neutrality Acts, enacted between 1935 and 1939, were intended to prevent the United States from becoming involved in foreign wars.In 1941, the threat of World War II drove passage of the Lend-Lease Act repealing key provisions of the Neutrality Acts.Championed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Lend-Lease Act authorized the transfer of U.S. arms or other war materials to Britain, France, China, the Soviet Union, and other nations threatened by the Axis powers without the requirement of monetary repayment. Isolationism Spurred the Neutrality Acts Although many Americans had supported President Woodrow Wilson’s 1917 demand that Congress help create a world â€Å"made safe for democracy† by declaring war on Germany in World War I, the Great Depression of the 1930s spurred a period of American isolationism that would persist until the nation entered World War II in 1942. Many people continued to believe that World War I had involved mainly foreign issues and that America’s entry into the bloodiest conflict in human history had mainly benefited U.S. bankers and arms dealers. These beliefs, combined with the people’s ongoing struggle to recover from the Great Depression, fueled an isolationist movement that opposed the nation’s involvement future foreign wars and financial involvement with the countries fighting in them. The Neutrality Act of 1935 By the mid-1930s, with war in Europe and Asia imminent, the U.S. Congress took action to ensure U.S. neutrality in foreign conflicts. On August 31, 1935, Congress passed the first Neutrality Act. The primary provisions of the law banned the export of â€Å"arms, ammunition, and implements of war† from the United States to any foreign nations at war and required U.S. arms makers to apply for export licenses. â€Å"Whoever, in violation of any of the provisions of this section, shall export, or attempt to export, or cause to be exported, arms, ammunition, or implements of war from the United States, or any of its possessions, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both †¦,† stated the law. The law also specified that all arms and war materials found being transported from the U.S. to any foreign nations at war, along with the â€Å"vessel, or vehicle† carrying them would be confiscated. In addition, the law placed American citizens on notice that if they attempted to travel to any foreign nation in a war zone, they did so at their own risk and should not expect any protection or intervention on their behalf from the U.S. government. On February 29, 1936, Congress amended the Neutrality Act of 1935 to prohibit individual Americans or financial institutions from loaning money to foreign nations involved in wars. While President Franklin D. Roosevelt initially opposed and considered vetoing the Neutrality Act of 1935, he signed it in the face of strong public opinion and congressional support for it.   The Neutrality Act of 1937 In 1936, the Spanish Civil War and the growing threat of fascism in Germany and Italy boosted support for further expanding the scope of the Neutrality Act. On May 1, 1937, Congress passed a joint resolution known as the Neutrality Act of 1937, which amended and made the Neutrality Act of 1935 permanent. Under the 1937 Act, U.S. Citizens were barred from traveling on any ship registered to or owned by any foreign nation involved in ​a  war. In addition, American merchant ships were forbidden from carrying arms to such â€Å"belligerent† nations, even if those arms were made outside of the United States.  The president was given the authority to ban all ships of any sort belonging to nations at war from sailing in U.S. waters. The Act also extended its prohibitions to apply to nations involved in civil wars, like the Spanish Civil War. In one concession to President Roosevelt, who had opposed the first Neutrality Act, the 1937 Neutrality Act gave the president the authority to allow nations at war to acquire materials not considered â€Å"implements of war,† such as oil and food, from the United States, provided the material was immediately paid for – in cash – and that the material was carried only on foreign ships. The so-called â€Å"cash-and-carry† provision had been promoted by Roosevelt as a way to Help Great Britain and France in their looming war against the Axis Powers. Roosevelt reasoned that only Britain and France had enough cash and cargo ships to take advantage of the â€Å"cash-and-carry† plan. Unlike other provisions of the Act, which were permanent, Congress specified that that â€Å"cash-and-carry† provision would expire in two years. The Neutrality Act of 1939 After Germany occupied Czechoslovakia in March of 1939, President Roosevelt asked Congress to renew the â€Å"cash-and-carry† provision and expand it to include arms and other materials of war. In a stinging rebuke, Congress refused to do either. As the war in Europe expanded and the Axis nations’ sphere of control spread, Roosevelt persisted, citing the Axis threat to the freedom of America’s European allies. At last, and only after lengthy debate, Congress relented and in November of 1939, enacted a final Neutrality Act, which repealed the embargo against the sale of arms and placed all trade with nations at war under the terms of â€Å"cash-and-carry.† However, the prohibition of U.S. monetary loans to belligerent nations remained in effect and U.S. ships were still prohibited from delivering goods of any kind to countries at war. The Lend-Lease Act of 1941 By late 1940, it had become unavoidably apparent to Congress that the growth of the Axis powers in Europe could eventually threaten the lives and freedom of Americans. In an effort to help the nations fighting the Axis, Congress enacted the Lend-Lease Act (H.R. 1776) in March 1941. The Lend-Lease Act authorized the President of the United States to transfer arms or other defense-related materials – subject to ​the  approval of funding by Congress – to the â€Å"government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States† at no cost to those countries. Permitting the president to send arms and war materials to Britain, France, China, the Soviet Union, and other threatened nations without payment, the Lend-Lease plan allowed the United States to support the war effort against the Axis without becoming engaged in battle. Viewing the plan as drawing America closer to war, Lend-Lease was opposed by influential isolationists, including Republican Senator Robert Taft. In debate before the Senate, Taft stated that the Act would â€Å"give the president power to carry on a kind of undeclared war all over the world, in which America would do everything except actually put soldiers in the front-line trenches where the fighting is.† Among the public, opposition to Lend-Lease was led by the America First Committee. With a membership of over 800,000, including national hero Charles A. Lindbergh, America First challenged Roosevelt’s every move. Roosevelt took complete control of the program, quietly sending Sec. of Commerce Harry Hopkins, Sec. of State Edward Stettinius Jr., and diplomat W. Averell Harriman on frequent special missions to London and Moscow to coordinate Lend-Lease overseas. Still acutely aware of public sentiment for neutrality, Roosevelt saw to it that details of Lend-Lease expenditures were hidden away in the overall military budget and not allowed to become public until after the war. It is now known that a total of $50.1 billion- about $681 billion today- or about 11% of the total U.S. war expenditures went to Lend-Lease. On a country-by-country basis, U.S. expenditures broke down as follows: British Empire: $31.4 billion (about $427 billion today)Soviet Union: $11.3 billion (about $154 billion today)France: $3.2 billion (about $43.5 billion today)China: $1.6 billion (about to $21.7 billion today) By October 1941, the overall success of the Lend-Lease plan in assisting the allied nations prompted President Roosevelt to seek the repeal of other sections of the Neutrality Act of 1939. On October 17, 1941, the House of Representatives overwhelmingly voted to repeal the section of the Act prohibiting the arming of U.S. merchant ships. A month later, following a series of deadly German submarine attacks on U.S. Navy and merchant ships in international waters, Congress repealed the provision that had barred U.S. ships from delivering arms to belligerent seaports or â€Å"combat zones.† In retrospect, the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s allowed the U.S. Government to accommodate the isolationist sentiment held by a majority of the American people while still protecting America’s security and interests in a foreign war. The Lend-Lease agreements provided that the countries involved would repay the United States not with money or returned goods, but with â€Å"joint action directed towards the creation of a liberalized international economic order in the postwar world.† Meaning the U.S. would be repaid when the recipient country helped the U.S. fight common enemies and agreed to join new world trade and diplomatic agencies, such as the United Nations. Of course, the isolationists’ hopes of America maintaining any pretense of neutrality in World War II ended on the morning of December 7, 1942, when the Japanese Navy attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.